1. **Cognitive Dissonance**: People experience discomfort when holding two conflicting beliefs and will often change their beliefs or behaviors to reduce this discomfort.
2. **Confirmation Bias**: Individuals tend to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms their preexisting beliefs.
3. **The Halo Effect**: A person's overall impression of someone influences how we feel and think about their character. For example, if you find someone attractive, you might assume they are also kind and intelligent.
4. **Self-Fulfilling Prophecy**: Expectations about a person or situation can lead to behaviors that cause those expectations to come true.
5. **The Barnum Effect**: People tend to accept vague or general statements as personally meaningful, often used in horoscopes and personality tests.
6. **Social Proof**: People are influenced by the actions and opinions of others when making decisions, especially in ambiguous situations.
7. **Bystander Effect**: Individuals are less likely to help in an emergency situation when other people are present.
8. **Recency Effect**: People tend to remember the most recent information presented to them better than earlier information.
9. **Primacy Effect**: The first pieces of information presented are remembered better than information presented later.
10. **The Dunning-Kruger Effect**: People with low ability at a task often overestimate their ability, while those with high ability may underestimate theirs.
11. **Projection**: People attribute their own undesirable traits or feelings to others as a defense mechanism.
12. **Sunk Cost Fallacy**: People continue investing in a project or decision based on the cumulative prior investment, rather than future benefits.
13. **Foot-in-the-Door Technique**: Agreeing to a small request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a larger request later.
14. **Door-in-the-Face Technique**: Making a large request that is likely to be refused increases the chances of agreeing to a smaller request.
15. **Zeigarnik Effect**: People remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks.
16. **Availability Heuristic**: People estimate the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind, often influenced by recent or dramatic occurrences.
17. **Anchoring Bias**: People rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive (the "anchor") when making decisions.
18. **Overconfidence Effect**: People tend to be more confident in their judgments and abilities than is objectively warranted.
19. **Optimism Bias**: People tend to overestimate the likelihood of positive events and underestimate the likelihood of negative events.
20. **Bandwagon Effect**: Individuals are more likely to adopt a belief or behavior if they see others doing the same.
21. **Endowment Effect**: People assign higher value to things they own compared to things they do not own.
22. **Illusion of Control**: People believe they have more control over events than they actually do.
23. **Placebo Effect**: Individuals experience real changes in their condition due to their belief in the effectiveness of a treatment, even if the treatment is inactive.
24. **Cognitive Bias**: Systematic deviations from rationality in judgment, which can affect decision-making and behavior.
25. **Negativity Bias**: Negative experiences or information have a greater impact on one’s psychological state than positive experiences.
26. **Hindsight Bias**: After an event has occurred, people believe they would have predicted the outcome beforehand, even if they couldn't have.
27. **Projection Bias**: People assume that others share their same thoughts and feelings.
28. **Self-Serving Bias**: People attribute their successes to internal factors and their failures to external factors.
29. **Ingroup Bias**: People tend to favor members of their own group over those in other groups.
30. **Outgroup Homogeneity Bias**: Individuals perceive members of outgroups as more similar to each other than they perceive members of their ingroup.
31. **False Consensus Effect**: People overestimate the extent to which others share their beliefs and behaviors.
32. **Just-World Hypothesis**: People believe that the world is fundamentally just, leading to the tendency to blame victims for their misfortunes.
33. **Bystander Effect**: The presence of others discourages an individual from intervening in an emergency situation.
34. **Reciprocity**: People feel compelled to return favors or kindnesses that they receive from others.
35. **Deindividuation**: In groups, individuals may lose self-awareness and feel less accountable for their actions, leading to behavior they wouldn't typically display alone.
36. **Groupthink**: The desire for harmony in a group can lead to poor decision-making as dissenting opinions are suppressed.
37. **Cognitive Load**: The amount of mental effort being used in the working memory affects how well people can process and retain information.
38. **Mirror Neurons**: These are brain cells that respond both when performing an action and when observing someone else perform the same action, contributing to empathy and learning.
39. **Emotional Intelligence**: The ability to understand and manage your own emotions, as well as recognize and influence the emotions of others.
40. **The Big Five Personality Traits**: These are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, which are commonly used to describe human personality.
41. **Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs**: A theory proposing that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to higher levels of needs, culminating in self-actualization.
42. **Attachment Theory**: Early relationships with caregivers shape an individual’s ability to form stable relationships later in life.
43. **Self-Efficacy**: Belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.
44. **Stereotype Threat**: The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group can impair performance and lead to self-fulfilling prophecies.
45. **Affective Forecasting**: The process of predicting how future events will make us feel emotionally.
46. **Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)**: A type of psychotherapy that helps individuals change negative thought patterns and behaviors.
47. **Social Identity Theory**: People derive part of their identity from the groups to which they belong, influencing their attitudes and behaviors towards other groups.
48. **Flow State**: A psychological state where a person is fully immersed in an activity, experiencing a sense of effortless involvement and enjoyment.
49. **Deliberate Practice**: Focused and intentional practice aimed at improving performance, often with the guidance of a coach or mentor.
50. **Self-Compassion**: Treating oneself with kindness and understanding during times of failure or difficulty, rather than self-criticism.
51. **Mindfulness**: A mental practice that involves paying attention to the present moment with acceptance and without judgment.
52. **The Spotlight Effect**: The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and behavior.
53. **Neuroplasticity**: The brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.
54. **Implicit Bias**: Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions.
55. **False Memory**: The phenomenon where people remember events differently from how they occurred, or even recall events that never happened.
56. **Prosocial Behavior**: Actions intended to benefit others, such as helping, sharing, and cooperating.
57. **Self-Actualization**: The realization or fulfillment of one’s talents and potential, often considered the highest level of psychological development.
58. **Behavioral Conditioning**: The process of learning through rewards and punishments, such as classical and operant conditioning.
59. **Habituation**: The decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time.
60. **FOMO (Fear of Missing Out)**: The anxiety that others might be having more fun or experiencing better opportunities than oneself.
61. **Somatic Marker Hypothesis**: Emotions play a critical role in decision-making by guiding choices through bodily responses.
62. **Displacement**: A defense mechanism where emotions are redirected from the original source of distress to a less threatening target.
63. **Rationalization**: A defense mechanism where individuals justify or excuse their behavior with logical but misleading explanations.
64. **Ego Depletion**: The theory that self-control and decision-making are finite resources that can be depleted with use.
65. **Social Learning Theory**: The idea that people learn behaviors through observation, imitation, and modeling.
66. **Learned Helplessness**: The condition in which a person feels unable to control or change their situation after repeated failures, leading to a lack of motivation.
67. **The Trolley Problem**: A thought experiment in ethics that explores moral decision-making and the consequences of actions.
68. **Gratitude**: The feeling of thankfulness and appreciation, which has been linked to improved well-being and positive social relationships.
69. **Narrative Identity**: The internalized and evolving story of the self that provides a sense of unity and purpose.
70. **Sublimation**: A defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable actions.
71. **The Barnum Effect**: The tendency for individuals to accept vague and general statements as highly accurate for themselves.
72. **Overgeneralization**: A cognitive distortion where individuals make broad, sweeping conclusions based on limited evidence.
73. **Selective Attention**: The process of focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others, which can influence perception and memory.
74. **Cognitive Reappraisal**: The process of changing the way one thinks about a situation to alter its emotional impact.
75. **Ecological Validity**: The extent to which research findings generalize to real-world settings and situations.
76. **The Peak -End Rule**: People judge experiences based on how they felt at their peak and at their end, rather than the overall experience.
77. **Emotional Contagion**: The phenomenon where emotions are transferred from one person to another, often unconsciously.
78. **Self-Perception Theory**: The theory that people infer their own attitudes and feelings by observing their behavior and the context in which it occurs.
79. **Metacognition**: The awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, including the ability to monitor and regulate them.
80. **The Chameleon Effect**: The tendency to automatically mimic the behavior of others in social interactions.
81. **Group Polarization**: The tendency for group members to adopt more extreme positions after group discussions.
82. **The False Uniqueness Effect**: The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s own desirable traits and behaviors compared to others.
83. **Hot Cognition**: The influence of emotions on cognitive processes, such as decision-making and memory.
84. **Cultural Intelligence**: The ability to understand, appreciate, and adapt to different cultural contexts and practices.
85. **The Mere Exposure Effect**: The tendency to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar.
86. **Intergroup Conflict**: Tensions and hostility that arise between different social or cultural groups, often fueled by competition and prejudice.
87. **Autobiographical Memory**: The memory system that contains information about one's own life experiences and personal history.
88. **The Dunning-Kruger Effect**: The cognitive bias where individuals with low ability at a task overestimate their competence.
89. **Psychoanalysis**: A therapeutic approach that explores unconscious thoughts and feelings to understand and resolve psychological conflicts.
90. **Emotional Regulation**: The ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences in a healthy and adaptive manner.
91. **The Big Five Personality Traits**: A model that identifies five major personality dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
92. **Self-Disclosure**: The process of revealing personal information to others, which can strengthen relationships and increase trust.
93. **The Framing Effect**: The way information is presented can influence decision-making and judgment.
94. **The Law of Effect**: Behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative consequences are less likely.
95. **Positive Psychology**: The study of strengths, virtues, and factors that contribute to human flourishing and well-being.
96. **The Spotlight Effect**: The tendency for people to believe they are being noticed more than they actually are by others.
97. **Decision Fatigue**: The deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision-making.
98. **Social Comparison Theory**: The theory that people determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others.
99. **The Just-World Effect**: The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get, leading to victim-blaming.
100. **The Hedonic Treadmill**: The tendency for people to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events or life changes.
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